Friday, January 30, 2015
Avalanche
Avalanche is a rapid movement of snow down a slope triggered either naturally or by human activity. This occurs typically in mountain terrain. Avalanches are divided into four classes:
1. Dry powder avalanches
2. Wet new snow avalanches
3. Snow slabs or Wind slabs and
4. Wet old snow avalanches.
1. Dry powder avalanches
2. Wet new snow avalanches
3. Snow slabs or Wind slabs and
4. Wet old snow avalanches.
Cyclones
Spiral movement of winds towards a low pressure centre is called a cyclone. Storms associated with low pressure and rising winds are called cyclonic storms. The movement of wind in a cyclone is counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
if the wind speed exceeds 73 miles/hr, then it is called a cyclone
if the wind speed is less than 39 miles/hr then it is called a tropical depression and if the wind speed lies between 39 and 73 miles/hr it is called a storm.
control measures of a cyclone:
1. meteorological information should be given to people as soon as possible.
2. Development activities should be minimised along the frequently affected areas.
3. Modified construction techniques should be adopted to suit buildings in frequently affected areas.
Cyclone is a type of rotating storm that occurs over the seas and oceans near the tropic. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low pressure centre and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rains. India has a long coastline and the second highest number of people in the world exposed to tropical cyclones. Cyclones strike India in May-June and October-November coinciding with the onset and retreat of monsoon. Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Odhisha, Tamil Nadu and Sunderbans of West Bengal are the major cyclone prone areas of India.
The Odhisha Super cyclone in october 1999 was one of the worst cyclones with wind velocities as high as 350 kmph. Cyclones are generally associated with sea surges, when sea level rises upto 7m. Cyclones are associated with heavy rains. The following factors lead to formation of cyclones:
1. Location and temperature are vital for the formation of cyclones
2. The location must be 5 to 15 degrees latitude on either side of the equator over oceans or seas.
3. The surface temperature of seas or oceans must be more than 26.5 C or above
4. Depression with convection current starts to gather clouds.
Cyclones are easy to predict. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) continuously monitors for any low pressure developing in the atmosphere above the ocean using radar. Advanced technology is used to predict the intensity of the cyclonic storm and the coastal area to be hit by any potential cyclone. The large belt along the east coast of India is prone to cyclones and the west coast is also prone to cyclones.
if the wind speed exceeds 73 miles/hr, then it is called a cyclone
if the wind speed is less than 39 miles/hr then it is called a tropical depression and if the wind speed lies between 39 and 73 miles/hr it is called a storm.
control measures of a cyclone:
1. meteorological information should be given to people as soon as possible.
2. Development activities should be minimised along the frequently affected areas.
3. Modified construction techniques should be adopted to suit buildings in frequently affected areas.
Cyclone is a type of rotating storm that occurs over the seas and oceans near the tropic. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low pressure centre and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rains. India has a long coastline and the second highest number of people in the world exposed to tropical cyclones. Cyclones strike India in May-June and October-November coinciding with the onset and retreat of monsoon. Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Odhisha, Tamil Nadu and Sunderbans of West Bengal are the major cyclone prone areas of India.
The Odhisha Super cyclone in october 1999 was one of the worst cyclones with wind velocities as high as 350 kmph. Cyclones are generally associated with sea surges, when sea level rises upto 7m. Cyclones are associated with heavy rains. The following factors lead to formation of cyclones:
1. Location and temperature are vital for the formation of cyclones
2. The location must be 5 to 15 degrees latitude on either side of the equator over oceans or seas.
3. The surface temperature of seas or oceans must be more than 26.5 C or above
4. Depression with convection current starts to gather clouds.
Cyclones are easy to predict. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) continuously monitors for any low pressure developing in the atmosphere above the ocean using radar. Advanced technology is used to predict the intensity of the cyclonic storm and the coastal area to be hit by any potential cyclone. The large belt along the east coast of India is prone to cyclones and the west coast is also prone to cyclones.
Thursday, January 22, 2015
Natural Disasters - Hydrometeorological based disasters
Tropical cyclones:
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
It is known by different names in different parts of the world.
Tropical cyclones have a geographic origin. They form mostly over tropical seas .They are called cyclones as they have winds blowing counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. The opposite direction of winds is due to the "coriolis effect"
Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface. This water vapour condenses as clouds and falls on Earth as rain when it gets saturated.
Cyclones generate high waves, storm surge and very strong winds. Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to damage from a cyclone. Heavy rains cause flooding inland while storm surges can cause coastal flooding.
The effect of cyclones on human population is devastating. It has caused loss of life and property since time immemorial.
Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure.The environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings and is called as "warm core". The near-surface wind field of a tropical cyclone is characterised by air rotating rapidly around a centre of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. As air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. Towards the centre, the air begins to rise . Wind speeds are low at the centre and begin to increase rapidly moving outwards. The wind speeds decrease gradually with increasing radii.
There are six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) worldwide. These organizations are designated by the World Meteorological Organization and are responsible for tracking and issuing bulletins, warnings, and advisories about tropical cyclones in their designated areas of responsibility. In addition, there are six Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) that provide information to smaller regions
Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active.
Most tropical cyclones form in a worldwide band of thunderstorm activity near the equator
The 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone or the 1990 Machilipatnam Cyclone was the worst disaster to affect Southern India since the 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone. It was first noted as a depression on May 4, 1990. It rapidly intensified into a super cyclonic storm (IMD scale, code named BOB 01) on May 8th. It was given a "category 4" storm on the saffir-simpson scale. The highest wind speeds recorded were greater than 200 kmph.
The storm resulted in the death of nearly 1000 people, 1 lakh animals and estimated samage to crops exceeding 600 million USD.
Cyclonic Storm Nilam (IMD designation: BOB 02) was the deadliest tropical cyclone to directly affect South India since Cyclone Jal in 2010. Originating from an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal on October 28, the system began as a weak depression. northeast of Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Over the following few days, the depression gradually intensified into a deep depression, and subsequently a Cyclonic Storm by October 30. It made landfall near Mahabalipuram on October 31 as a strong Cyclonic Storm with peak winds of 85 km/h. In Chennai's Marina Beach, strong winds pushed piles of sand ashore and seawater reached nearly a 100 m (330 ft) inland. Schools and colleges in the city remained closed for more than three days.
More than 3000 people were evacuated around Mahabalipuram in the wake of the storm. Schools and colleges in Chennai declared holidays until November 1 as 282 schools had been converted into relief centers. Government offices and private organisations closed their operations early to ease traffic congestion. Cyclone shelters had been arranged in Nagapattinam and Cuddalore districts. Mahabalipuram faced power outages and several trees were uprooted and huts were damaged. While damages to property were considerable, human casualties were very few
Search for tropical cyclones in google / wikipedia
List of cyclones in India (Phalin, etc)
Floods:
Droughts:
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain.
It is known by different names in different parts of the world.
Tropical cyclones have a geographic origin. They form mostly over tropical seas .They are called cyclones as they have winds blowing counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. The opposite direction of winds is due to the "coriolis effect"
Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface. This water vapour condenses as clouds and falls on Earth as rain when it gets saturated.
Cyclones generate high waves, storm surge and very strong winds. Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to damage from a cyclone. Heavy rains cause flooding inland while storm surges can cause coastal flooding.
The effect of cyclones on human population is devastating. It has caused loss of life and property since time immemorial.
Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure.The environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings and is called as "warm core". The near-surface wind field of a tropical cyclone is characterised by air rotating rapidly around a centre of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. As air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. Towards the centre, the air begins to rise . Wind speeds are low at the centre and begin to increase rapidly moving outwards. The wind speeds decrease gradually with increasing radii.
There are six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) worldwide. These organizations are designated by the World Meteorological Organization and are responsible for tracking and issuing bulletins, warnings, and advisories about tropical cyclones in their designated areas of responsibility. In addition, there are six Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) that provide information to smaller regions
Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active.
Most tropical cyclones form in a worldwide band of thunderstorm activity near the equator
The 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone or the 1990 Machilipatnam Cyclone was the worst disaster to affect Southern India since the 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone. It was first noted as a depression on May 4, 1990. It rapidly intensified into a super cyclonic storm (IMD scale, code named BOB 01) on May 8th. It was given a "category 4" storm on the saffir-simpson scale. The highest wind speeds recorded were greater than 200 kmph.
The storm resulted in the death of nearly 1000 people, 1 lakh animals and estimated samage to crops exceeding 600 million USD.
Cyclonic Storm Nilam (IMD designation: BOB 02) was the deadliest tropical cyclone to directly affect South India since Cyclone Jal in 2010. Originating from an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal on October 28, the system began as a weak depression. northeast of Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Over the following few days, the depression gradually intensified into a deep depression, and subsequently a Cyclonic Storm by October 30. It made landfall near Mahabalipuram on October 31 as a strong Cyclonic Storm with peak winds of 85 km/h. In Chennai's Marina Beach, strong winds pushed piles of sand ashore and seawater reached nearly a 100 m (330 ft) inland. Schools and colleges in the city remained closed for more than three days.
More than 3000 people were evacuated around Mahabalipuram in the wake of the storm. Schools and colleges in Chennai declared holidays until November 1 as 282 schools had been converted into relief centers. Government offices and private organisations closed their operations early to ease traffic congestion. Cyclone shelters had been arranged in Nagapattinam and Cuddalore districts. Mahabalipuram faced power outages and several trees were uprooted and huts were damaged. While damages to property were considerable, human casualties were very few
Search for tropical cyclones in google / wikipedia
List of cyclones in India (Phalin, etc)
Floods:
Droughts:
Thursday, January 8, 2015
Introduction to Disaster Management
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster strikes.
Hazards are broadly divided into natural or human-made disasters.
A Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Natural disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people, destroy habitat and property each year.However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.
Human-Induced disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.
Man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.
The United Nations General Assembly designated the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).
Its basic objective was to decrease the loss of life, property destruction and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, droughts, locust infestations, and other disasters of natural origin.
An International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, beginning on 1 January 1990, was launched by the United Nations, following the adoption of Resolution on 22 December 1989. The decade was intended to reduce, through concerted international action, especially in developing countries, loss of life, poverty damage and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters. To support the activities of the decade, a Secretariat was established at the United Nations Office in Geneva, in close association with UNDRO.
An increase in global industrial activity coupled with population growth and increased fossil fuel consumption has led to the following problems:
-Destruction og green lungs of the earth
-Increased agricultural activity
-Use of toxic pesticides
-Increased green house gases in the atmosphere
-Pollution of air, water and soil
-Acid rain
-Creation of Ozone hole
-Global warming and
-Climate change
There is an increasing trend in the frequency and intensity of both natural & man made disasters. Thic can be attributed to:
-Population explosion
-Rapid industrialization
-Urbanization
-Global warming and
-Environmental pollution
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster strikes.
Hazards are broadly divided into natural or human-made disasters.
A Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Natural disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people, destroy habitat and property each year.However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.
Human-Induced disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.
Man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.
The United Nations General Assembly designated the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).
Its basic objective was to decrease the loss of life, property destruction and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, droughts, locust infestations, and other disasters of natural origin.
An International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, beginning on 1 January 1990, was launched by the United Nations, following the adoption of Resolution on 22 December 1989. The decade was intended to reduce, through concerted international action, especially in developing countries, loss of life, poverty damage and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters. To support the activities of the decade, a Secretariat was established at the United Nations Office in Geneva, in close association with UNDRO.
An increase in global industrial activity coupled with population growth and increased fossil fuel consumption has led to the following problems:
-Destruction og green lungs of the earth
-Increased agricultural activity
-Use of toxic pesticides
-Increased green house gases in the atmosphere
-Pollution of air, water and soil
-Acid rain
-Creation of Ozone hole
-Global warming and
-Climate change
There is an increasing trend in the frequency and intensity of both natural & man made disasters. Thic can be attributed to:
-Population explosion
-Rapid industrialization
-Urbanization
-Global warming and
-Environmental pollution
Tuesday, April 1, 2014
Geospatial technologies currently used for Disaster Mitigation and Management
Geospatial technologies currently used for Disaster Mitigation and Management
Geospatial technologies provide powerful capabilities for disaster/hazard planning, monitoring and mitigation. Through the ability to rapidly assess proximity of resources as well as provide tools to route those resources to and from a disaster area, GIS can greatly improve disaster response efficiency. The majority of this information is spatial and can be mapped.
Once the information is mapped and data is linked to the map, emergency management planning can begin. Using GIS, information can be layered and analysed to understand natural disasters and therefore reduce impact of the disasters. Satellite data is very useful in creating different kinds of maps such as topographic, land use, land cover and density (building, roadway, stream, etc) maps. Maps created through satellite imagery can be produced more easily on large scale and for wide areas in different resolutions, depending on the purpose. Geospatial technology can address various stages of disaster management, including planning and mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
Planning and mitigation: As potential emergency situations are identified, mitigation needs can be determined and prioritised. For example, in the case of an earthquake, which infrastructure is within the primary impact zone of earthquake faults. Using geospatial information, officials can pinpoint hazards and evaluate the risk and consequences of potential emergencies or disasters. Values at risk can be displayed quickly and efficiently through a GIS. Utilising existing databases linked to geographic features in GIS makes this possible.
Preparedness: GIS can provide answers to questions such as how many paramedics and logistics units are required and where should they be located. GIS has potential to display "real-time" monitoring of aspects like earth movements, reservoir level at dam sights, radiation monitors and so forth. Geospatial technology is a tool for planning of evacuation routes, for the design of centres for emergency operations and for integration of satellite data with other relevant data in the design of disaster warning systems. Response: Geo-information can assist immediately in the event of a disaster by helping decision makers understand the scope of the damage and identify locations where people may be trapped or injured or require medical support and rescue. It is essential to analyse critical infrastructure (facilities essential for the operation and sustainability of health services, food services and government operations) that is or could be damaged or destroyed to restore vital services and government operations. Decision makers can assign response resources to the highest life safety and facility repair priorities. Another critical mission that geospatial technology supports is establishment of emergency supply chain management.
Recovery: A GIS can work in concert with GPS to locate each damaged facility, identify the type and amount of damage and help relief workers and decision makers to establish priorities for action. A GIS can display areas where services have been restored in order to quickly reallocate recovery work to priority tasks. Long-term plans and progress can be displayed and tracked utilising a GIS.
Emerging technologies
GIS, remote sensing and GNSS have been the traditionally used geospatial technologies in disaster management. However, various other technologies are increasingly contributing to various aspects of disaster management. One such technology is LiDAR that is finding application in areas like flood readiness through creation of flood risk maps.
LiDAR technology is needed to create a highly accurate GIS-based topographic layer for automated hydrological systems analysis and flood plan delineation for flood readiness. Technology for flood readiness and speeding up the projects related to flood analysis, require a highly accurate, 10 cm topographic height data is the requirement for hydrological spatial analysis and LiDAR survey is one of the quickest and most accurate methods to produce the requisite digital elevation model (DEM). Using the LiDAR-derived DEM, hydrologists can predict the extent of flooding and accordingly plan mitigation and remediation strategies. LiDAR data is used for the analysis of data accuracy for flood detection and prevention.
Another technology is IfSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) which has a significant role to play in processes like establishment of early warning systems, a crucial element of disaster management since preparedness saves lives. IFSAR technology provides cloud free imagery and high resolution digital elevation data that can aid planners in selecting safe areas and planning access routes. IfSAR is not affected by smoke, fog, cloud or darkness, it allows more complete coverage over large areas, making it a suitable source of geospatial data for selection of tsunami safe areas and evacuation routes. In many areas not just in Asia Pacific but across the world, IfSAR data offer the only viable means of monitoring active volcanoes or mapping strain building up around faults, detecting earthquakes and modelling risk.
Realising the inherent role of geospatial information and the contribution of geospatial technology, countries are taking initiatives in giving due cognizance to the geospatial information and incorporating the technology to strengthen their disaster management mechanisms.
Challenges
Even though the countries in the region have been strengthening the use of geospatial information and technology in their disaster management initiatives, certain gaps still exist. Some of them were highlighted at the United Nations International Conference on Space‐based Technologies for Disaster Risk Management
Geospatial technologies provide powerful capabilities for disaster/hazard planning, monitoring and mitigation. Through the ability to rapidly assess proximity of resources as well as provide tools to route those resources to and from a disaster area, GIS can greatly improve disaster response efficiency. The majority of this information is spatial and can be mapped.
Once the information is mapped and data is linked to the map, emergency management planning can begin. Using GIS, information can be layered and analysed to understand natural disasters and therefore reduce impact of the disasters. Satellite data is very useful in creating different kinds of maps such as topographic, land use, land cover and density (building, roadway, stream, etc) maps. Maps created through satellite imagery can be produced more easily on large scale and for wide areas in different resolutions, depending on the purpose. Geospatial technology can address various stages of disaster management, including planning and mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
Planning and mitigation: As potential emergency situations are identified, mitigation needs can be determined and prioritised. For example, in the case of an earthquake, which infrastructure is within the primary impact zone of earthquake faults. Using geospatial information, officials can pinpoint hazards and evaluate the risk and consequences of potential emergencies or disasters. Values at risk can be displayed quickly and efficiently through a GIS. Utilising existing databases linked to geographic features in GIS makes this possible.
Preparedness: GIS can provide answers to questions such as how many paramedics and logistics units are required and where should they be located. GIS has potential to display "real-time" monitoring of aspects like earth movements, reservoir level at dam sights, radiation monitors and so forth. Geospatial technology is a tool for planning of evacuation routes, for the design of centres for emergency operations and for integration of satellite data with other relevant data in the design of disaster warning systems. Response: Geo-information can assist immediately in the event of a disaster by helping decision makers understand the scope of the damage and identify locations where people may be trapped or injured or require medical support and rescue. It is essential to analyse critical infrastructure (facilities essential for the operation and sustainability of health services, food services and government operations) that is or could be damaged or destroyed to restore vital services and government operations. Decision makers can assign response resources to the highest life safety and facility repair priorities. Another critical mission that geospatial technology supports is establishment of emergency supply chain management.
Recovery: A GIS can work in concert with GPS to locate each damaged facility, identify the type and amount of damage and help relief workers and decision makers to establish priorities for action. A GIS can display areas where services have been restored in order to quickly reallocate recovery work to priority tasks. Long-term plans and progress can be displayed and tracked utilising a GIS.
Emerging technologies
GIS, remote sensing and GNSS have been the traditionally used geospatial technologies in disaster management. However, various other technologies are increasingly contributing to various aspects of disaster management. One such technology is LiDAR that is finding application in areas like flood readiness through creation of flood risk maps.
LiDAR technology is needed to create a highly accurate GIS-based topographic layer for automated hydrological systems analysis and flood plan delineation for flood readiness. Technology for flood readiness and speeding up the projects related to flood analysis, require a highly accurate, 10 cm topographic height data is the requirement for hydrological spatial analysis and LiDAR survey is one of the quickest and most accurate methods to produce the requisite digital elevation model (DEM). Using the LiDAR-derived DEM, hydrologists can predict the extent of flooding and accordingly plan mitigation and remediation strategies. LiDAR data is used for the analysis of data accuracy for flood detection and prevention.
Another technology is IfSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) which has a significant role to play in processes like establishment of early warning systems, a crucial element of disaster management since preparedness saves lives. IFSAR technology provides cloud free imagery and high resolution digital elevation data that can aid planners in selecting safe areas and planning access routes. IfSAR is not affected by smoke, fog, cloud or darkness, it allows more complete coverage over large areas, making it a suitable source of geospatial data for selection of tsunami safe areas and evacuation routes. In many areas not just in Asia Pacific but across the world, IfSAR data offer the only viable means of monitoring active volcanoes or mapping strain building up around faults, detecting earthquakes and modelling risk.
Realising the inherent role of geospatial information and the contribution of geospatial technology, countries are taking initiatives in giving due cognizance to the geospatial information and incorporating the technology to strengthen their disaster management mechanisms.
Challenges
Even though the countries in the region have been strengthening the use of geospatial information and technology in their disaster management initiatives, certain gaps still exist. Some of them were highlighted at the United Nations International Conference on Space‐based Technologies for Disaster Risk Management
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